Cell culture

• Heart isolations using Langendorff apparatus
• Cardiac cell culture
• Tissue engineering

_{Cardiac cell isolation by enzymatic dissociation.}

Functional studies

• Electrophysiology: patch clamp technique (voltage clamp and current clamp), electrical field stimulation
• Confocal live cell imaging in parallel with electrophysiological measurements
• Contraction studies using edge detection, combined with cytosolic Ca²⁺ measurements
• Pharmacological tests

_{Simultaneous recordings of membrane currents using voltage clamp and Ca²⁺ transients by confocal imaging of fluo-3 in the linescan mode. Ca²⁺ transients are elicited by depolarization (left panels) or caffeine application (right panels).}

 Structural studies

• Immunocytochemistry and confocal imaging
• Electron microscopy (TEM)